Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine
Volume 14,Issue 11,2021 Table of Contents
Cokorda Agung Wahyu Purnamasidhi
,
I Komang Hotra Adiputra
,
Giovanca Verentzia Purnama
,
Richard Christian Suteja
,
I Gede Purna Weisnawa
2021, 14(11):477-478.
DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.331254
Abstract:
2021, 14(11):479-485.
DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.331255
Abstract:
Diarrheal diseases have been known to cause death in many children below the age of five years, and rotavirus infection represents a major health problem in the world today, particularly in developing countries. The recent outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Samoa led to the introduction of her debut national immunization program on rotavirus vaccination for infants. Despite the introduction of anti-viral and anti-emetic drugs as of the containment approaches towards the virus, risk factors, preventive measures and public health preparedness against rotavirus infection are poorly understood in Samoa. This review aims to use available evidence on rotavirus literature to elucidate and map preventive strategies for the recently emerged rotavirus infections in Samoa. We conducted a search strategy using online medical literature databases and retrieval systems. A designated set of keywords such as rotavirus, gastroenteritis, outbreak, risk factors, containment measures, vaccination and Samoa were inserted in electronic databases to retrieve articles. The databases included PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Scinapse, and EBSCO host. Findings from this review addressed the impact of rotavirus infection, associated threats and other preventive measures. Introducing useful health frameworks in pursuing possible methods such as improved water quality, exclusive breast feeding, improved laboratory diagnostics and outbreak surveillance, may be essential in addressing alternate approaches towards containment of the disease in Samoa and other Pacific Island Countries and Territories.
Diarrheal diseases have been known to cause death in many children below the age of five years, and rotavirus infection represents a major health problem in the world today, particularly in developing countries. The recent outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Samoa led to the introduction of her debut national immunization program on rotavirus vaccination for infants. Despite the introduction of anti-viral and anti-emetic drugs as of the containment approaches towards the virus, risk factors, preventive measures and public health preparedness against rotavirus infection are poorly understood in Samoa. This review aims to use available evidence on rotavirus literature to elucidate and map preventive strategies for the recently emerged rotavirus infections in Samoa. We conducted a search strategy using online medical literature databases and retrieval systems. A designated set of keywords such as rotavirus, gastroenteritis, outbreak, risk factors, containment measures, vaccination and Samoa were inserted in electronic databases to retrieve articles. The databases included PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Scinapse, and EBSCO host. Findings from this review addressed the impact of rotavirus infection, associated threats and other preventive measures. Introducing useful health frameworks in pursuing possible methods such as improved water quality, exclusive breast feeding, improved laboratory diagnostics and outbreak surveillance, may be essential in addressing alternate approaches towards containment of the disease in Samoa and other Pacific Island Countries and Territories.
2021, 14(11):486-504.
DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.329009
Abstract:
Objective: Different studies have been performed on the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in different areas of Iran; however, as far as our knowledge, there is no regional meta-analysis available for consideration and estimation of tick species infected with different pathogens in Iran. Methods: In this review, among different databases, a total of 95 publications were included, and the infection of different tick species to different tick-borne pathogens was determined; furthermore, presence of pathogens (with 95% confidence intervals) in tick vectors was calculated separately for each province, using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 (Biostat, USA). Results: Totally, among all 95 studies, 5 673 out of 33 521 investigated ticks were positive according to different detection methods. Overall estimated presence of pathogens in tick vectors in Iran was 8.6% (95% CI 7.0%-10.6%, P<0.001). Of all 46 species of ticks in 10 genera in Iran, 28 species in 9 genera, including Alveonasus, Argas, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes, Ornithodoros, and Rhipicephalus were infected with at least 20 pathogens in 10 genera including Aegyptianella, Anaplasma, Babesia, Borrelia, Brucella, Orthonairovirus [Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)], Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia and Theileria in 26 provinces of Iran. The presence of pathogens in ticks collected in western Iran was more than other regions. Hyalomma anatolicum (20.35%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (15.00%), and Rhipicephalus bursa (14.08%) were the most prevalent infected ticks for different pathogens. In addition, most literatures were related to CCHFV and Theileria/Babesia spp. Conclusions: Public health and veterinary professionals should be aware of diagnosing possible diseases or outbreaks in vertebrates.
Objective: Different studies have been performed on the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in different areas of Iran; however, as far as our knowledge, there is no regional meta-analysis available for consideration and estimation of tick species infected with different pathogens in Iran. Methods: In this review, among different databases, a total of 95 publications were included, and the infection of different tick species to different tick-borne pathogens was determined; furthermore, presence of pathogens (with 95% confidence intervals) in tick vectors was calculated separately for each province, using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 (Biostat, USA). Results: Totally, among all 95 studies, 5 673 out of 33 521 investigated ticks were positive according to different detection methods. Overall estimated presence of pathogens in tick vectors in Iran was 8.6% (95% CI 7.0%-10.6%, P<0.001). Of all 46 species of ticks in 10 genera in Iran, 28 species in 9 genera, including Alveonasus, Argas, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes, Ornithodoros, and Rhipicephalus were infected with at least 20 pathogens in 10 genera including Aegyptianella, Anaplasma, Babesia, Borrelia, Brucella, Orthonairovirus [Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)], Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia and Theileria in 26 provinces of Iran. The presence of pathogens in ticks collected in western Iran was more than other regions. Hyalomma anatolicum (20.35%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (15.00%), and Rhipicephalus bursa (14.08%) were the most prevalent infected ticks for different pathogens. In addition, most literatures were related to CCHFV and Theileria/Babesia spp. Conclusions: Public health and veterinary professionals should be aware of diagnosing possible diseases or outbreaks in vertebrates.
2021, 14(11):505-516.
DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.331257
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the involvement of Ca2+ in dengue virus (DENV)-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the disruption of endothelial integrity. Methods: HUVECs were infected with DENV-2 in the presence of intracellular Ca2+ or endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ chelators. Virus infectivity was measured by focus-forming assay and quantitative RT-PCR. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured using Fluo-4-AM dye. VE-cadherin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expressions were investigated by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting assays, respectively. Results: DENV infection increased intracellular cytosolic Ca2+ levels and caused disassembly of the adherens junction protein, VE-cadherin as evidenced by decreased VE-cadherin expression at the periphery of DENV-2 infected HUVECs. Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores, particularly those of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+, significantly decreased DENV yield in HUVECs. Decreased virus yield following the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ was caused by the inhibition of viral entry into HUVECs and not the inhibition of viral binding or attachment. DENV-2 infection also resulted in Ca2+- dependent activation of FAK. Conclusions: Intracellular Ca2+ is required for the early phases of DENV infection in endothelial cells. Increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels in endothelial cells during DENV infection activated FAK, disrupted adherens junctions and compromised barrier integrity. Thus, Ca2+ plays an important role in DENV infection in endothelial cells.
Objective: To investigate the involvement of Ca2+ in dengue virus (DENV)-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the disruption of endothelial integrity. Methods: HUVECs were infected with DENV-2 in the presence of intracellular Ca2+ or endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ chelators. Virus infectivity was measured by focus-forming assay and quantitative RT-PCR. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured using Fluo-4-AM dye. VE-cadherin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expressions were investigated by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting assays, respectively. Results: DENV infection increased intracellular cytosolic Ca2+ levels and caused disassembly of the adherens junction protein, VE-cadherin as evidenced by decreased VE-cadherin expression at the periphery of DENV-2 infected HUVECs. Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores, particularly those of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+, significantly decreased DENV yield in HUVECs. Decreased virus yield following the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ was caused by the inhibition of viral entry into HUVECs and not the inhibition of viral binding or attachment. DENV-2 infection also resulted in Ca2+- dependent activation of FAK. Conclusions: Intracellular Ca2+ is required for the early phases of DENV infection in endothelial cells. Increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels in endothelial cells during DENV infection activated FAK, disrupted adherens junctions and compromised barrier integrity. Thus, Ca2+ plays an important role in DENV infection in endothelial cells.
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